Sociograms Essay Example

Sociograms Essay Example Sociograms Paper Sociograms Paper Isograms! What's going on here? Cardiogram is a visual portrayal of the connections among characters in an abstract book, which permits you to picture the connections and clashes between and among the storys characters. You will utilize pictures, images, shapes, hues, words (quo test) and line styles to outline these connections. Follow the GU nines underneath cautiously to develop your Cardiogram make certain to peruse the whole procedure first so you have a smart thought of what you are doing. Keep in mind, these are your cutoff times you have space for adjustment and imagination here. Orchestrate the characters on your Cardiogram as indicated by any models you like: p rower? Closeness? Love? Agreeability? Let the physical separation between characters mirror the apparent brain research cal separation between characters. Let the size of the shape speaking to a character shift with (a) the significant e, or (b) the intensity of the character. ; Show the bearing of a relationship by a bolt/line, and its temperament by a short name (the lines a be inventively applied: What may the accompanying kinds of lines demonstrate? A j matured line? A wavy line? The thickness of the line? And so on ) Represent validated connections by a strong line and surmised relationship s by a wrecked line. Circle dynamic characters with a strong line. Circle essentially missing characters with a messed up line. ; REQUIRED : Create a note for each character.

Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice The WritePass Journal

Transcultural Nursing according to Holistic Nursing Practice Presentation Transcultural Nursing according to Holistic Nursing Practice IntroductionTranscultural NursingThe Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine LeiningerThe Sunrise EnablerThe Ethno-nursing MethodHolistic Nursing PracticeThe Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence NightingaleTranscultural Nursing versus All encompassing Nursing PracticeConclusionReferencesRelated Presentation Assorted variety of the world’s populace has arrived at a point where it is indispensable to deliver and all the more critically to comprehend, the consistently developing test that transcultural nursing stances to the nursing calling. Tending to this issue maintains a strategic distance from separation and advances balance inside all encompassing nursing practice so as to address patients’ issues. Human services experts ought to be able to convey, every day, capable consideration and delicate gifted correspondence to socially various people (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). To practice proficient nursing in an applied manner all encompassing nursing care centers around physical, enthusiastic, social, ecological and profound angles just as on the possibility that any individual engaged with treatment care ought to be treated all in all and with poise (Dossey Guzzetta, 2005). One of the regions to be examined is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its examination empowering agents: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method. Another zone will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation just as the contact between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice. Nightingale’s hypothesis has been picked over others since she was the first to recognize nurses’ work in a hypothetical structure and furthermore in light of the fact that she was viewed as the mother of nursing rehearses (Ellis, 2008). The improvement of culture care hypothesis brought medicinal services experts into another nursing measurement shaped by issues, for example, culture foundation, otherworldliness, condition and others that exhibited how culture and human services are connected (Leininger, 2002a). All encompassing Nursing Practice empowers dynamic correspondence and equal comprehension, underlines the activity of physiological and psychosocial mindfulness, it depends on sensible reasoning and supports esteems, for example, self-rule and patient wishes and propensities (MacKinnon, 2010). Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing might be characterized as a technique to differentiate and see how people see social insurance, one-sided by their way of life foundation. The standards of rehearsing transcultural nursing are to give total nursing care to people or gatherings by approaching them with deference and considering their social variables. It is tied in with nursing practice applied to social qualities and confinements (Leininger, 1991). Meanings of transcultural nursing join numerous elements that shape the individual’s social direction. These incorporate are age, sexual direction and budgetary viewpoints. It has been recommended that by overlooking these culture foundation factors, social insurance experts don't accomplish enough social experience to be fused in comprehensive nursing practice (Barnes et al. 2000). This nonattendance may prompt perilous nursing care and both disappointed patients and experts (Curren, 2006 refered to in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp.159-160). To advance transcultural nursing care, Narayan (2001) felt that there are four essential mentalities to expect mindful, sympathy, transparency and adaptability. This shows the patients a social getting, thankfulness, thought and readiness from human services experts that depend on singular consideration. Social instruction and the production of socially equipped consideration experts are perhaps the greatest test yet to handle around the world. For example, in America, as the transient populace increments eminently so it does the requirement for diminishing disparities and hindrances, for example, language. Maier-Lorentz (2008) immovably comprehended that such a need could be met by the focusing of bilingual human services experts originating from various foundations. In addition, she recommended that so as to give socially skilled nursing care, some information on non-vocal correspondence signs could be of extraordinary worth, for what it's worth in eye to eye connection, contact, quiet, space and separation, and medicinal services propensities. Green-Hernandez (2004) suggested that as a stage towards multicultural competency, experts that need to manage ranchers ought to acquaint themselves with their particular traditions, for example, utilizing animal drug for their own conditions as a result of living far away from the consideration establishments. To get culture, Andrews Boyle (1997) gave out assorted delineations. For instance, they recommended that by understanding a people’s adages, experts may get a handle on information on the social qualities shared by that populace. The creators likewise focused on the significance of culture information when going over two distinct approaches to see taking. For one culture it may not be worthy though for another, for example vagabond individuals, it might be alright, as long as it is originating from a superior off individual. Besides, they additionally found, through analysts, that various societies may imagine that by being a requesting understanding, the treatment they get may improve. Riley (2004) detailed that a preeminent test for medical caretakers in an ethnically extraordinary society is correspondence. Words as well as tone and volume structure spoken correspondence which in various societies varies incredibly. For instance, Thai individuals are viewed as not going on and on as they trust it is an indication of stupidity while Cuban individuals are content with talking vociferously. He likewise brought up that Europeans are not terrified of discussing feelings while Asians are reluctant to do as such. Concerning correspondence without words Riley (2004) clarified that eye to eye connection isn't constantly anticipated. For occasions, in Native America and Asian societies it is hostile and among Muslim Arab ladies it is permitted distinctly to their spouses. Subsequently, he recognized the significance for social insurance experts to be socially mindful. Phillimore (2011) investigated the test of arrangement of assorted variety needs in the UK dependent on examines done on human services administration arrangement to new transients, during 2007/08 in Birmingham. She expressed that with political powers needing to decrease government assistance support for new vagrants, such arrangement turns out to be a serious test. She likewise accepted that, over the long haul, this dismissing of human services needs will prompt further issues for the social insurance framework that in any case could be dodged by simply giving what is required now: social and language administrations and wellbeing support. It was likewise recommended that in today’s political atmosphere offering of ethnically explicit arrangement by the network and for the network, brings about the nearby needs not being met, as the current GP frameworks are as of now overstretched. She reasoned that various transients are sentenced to an unwelcoming future since UK appears to grasp a propensity of against vagrant feeling and a transition to network establishment rather than multicultural arrangement (Phillimore, 2011). The Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine Leininger In the 1950’s Madeleine Leininger, an attendant anthropologist, understood that nursing practice was requiring a hypothesis to permit individuals to change nursing into a further developed and advantageous order that moves medical attendants to open up to social assortment and comprehensiveness (Leininger, 2006). This was created as a reaction to the interest for multicultural consideration which was gigantic but then deficient the same number of medicinal services frameworks didn't think about the requirement for uniting society and nursing care (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). The way of life care decent variety and all inclusiveness hypothesis created by Leininger in 1991 (Leininger, 2002a) is one of a kind in that it centers around equipped consideration, can be utilized upon any culture and is put together with respect to people as well as gatherings and families as well. The hypothesis tends to the significance of a reliable social ability instrument to obtain social mindfulness through a steady learning demeanor and endorsement towards human contrasts and rights by medicinal services experts (Burford, 2001, refered to in Baxter, 2001, pp. 202-203). Leininger (2002a) demanded the significance of transcultural information as a device to maintain a strategic distance from human acts, for example, the occasion of September 11, 2001. She at that point proposed the way of life care hypothesis as the most all encompassing way to deal with bit by bit change the wellbeing framework. This truly necessary change requires comprehension of people in manners that distinguish and regard their social foundation and will lead us to see such transcultural disappointment. The hypothesis was utilized in an examination among Hispanic home consideration patients in the US, 2007, so as to distinguish social needs. Subsequently, care conveyance improved in certain zones and there was a recommendation depicting the utilization of the model as an instrument to decrease costs in the medicinal services framework (Woerner et al. 2009). Leininger’s hypothesis applies not exclusively to races from various foundations yet in addition to today’s dubious gatherings, for example, transgendered individuals, handicapped individuals , the adolescent, destitution and the destitute that may represent a specific level of trouble of comprehension to social insurance experts. There is likewise an understanding that, on account of Leininger’s culture care hypothesis, the nursing calling today realizes how to consider culture when taking care of people and has a generally spreadâ caring way of thinking in medical clinics (Clarke et al. 2009). For this model to help the human services proficient to comprehend factors as significant as the executives and arrangements, just as having the option to consider the

Techniques of Phacoemulsification

Methods of Phacoemulsification Phacoemulsification is the favored method of waterfall medical procedure today and considered better than different modes in light of the lesser careful time, better post-usable outcomes, lower incited astigmatism and rapid visual restoration. Cornea is a straightforward structure and support of straightforwardness is ascribed to the boundary work and the dynamic liquid siphon of the corneal endothelium. Endothelial harm during medical procedure is considered as a significant parameters of careful injury. Endothelial cell thickness diminishes at a more noteworthy rate after waterfall medical procedure than it does in sound, unoperated corneas. Corneal endothelial cells are non-isolating cells; subsequently having restricting regenerative limit following careful injury. Corneal endothelial cell misfortune during medical procedure is influenced by numerous factors like water system arrangement choppiness, direct mechanical injury by instrument, atomic pieces, IOL contact; heat produced during phacoemulsification can harm corneal endothelium during waterfall medical procedure. In an examination done by Hayashi K et al in 1996 they attempted to distinguish the hazard factors for corneal endothelial injury. They deduced in this examination that more established age, little student distance across, high core grade, enormous core, more noteworthy implantation volume, sort of IOL embedded, and a more prominent measure of ultrasound vitality utilized during medical procedure were related with endothelial cell misfortune. Further examinations did to recognize factors influencing measure of endothelial cell misfortune which are identified with different parameter of machine just as strategy of medical procedure. These factors likewise included therapeutic substance utilized during medical procedure like inundating liquid, kind of viscoelastic substance utilized. The vast majority of the investigations showed that endothelial cell misfortune is identified with the more ultrasound vitality utilized, measure of inundating liquid or mechanical injury by any mean. Site of cut, kind of viscoelastic and flooding liquid has less connection with measure of endothelial cell misfortune. Despite the fact that in exceptional conditions adjustment of these factors helps in showing signs of improvement result of medical procedure. In the event that we talk about the strategy of phacoemulsification there are different nucleotomy procedures which are depicted. Each method is one of a kind in its application so it affects measure of endothelial cell misfortune happened because of careful injury. In this examination we deciphered the impact of two kinds of nucleotomy strategies partition and overcome versus direct hack on endothelial cell misfortune. 60 eyes of 60 patients who experienced waterfall medical procedure by these two unique methods were remembered for the investigation and measure of endothelial cell misfortune was estimated and thought about in two gatherings. All medical procedures were performed by same specialist and all other parameter and factors were kept consistent like evaluation of atomic sclerosis, kind of machine utilized, sort of inundating liquid, viscoelastic and sort of back chamber intraocular focal point embedded. Study subjects were partitioned into two gatherings, Group1 incorporated the patients who experienced phacoemulsification by isolate and vanquish method and Group 2 included patient who experienced phacoemulsification by diect hack strategy. The mean period of patients in group1 was 62.13 + 7.03 (SD) years and in bunch 2 was 61.77 + 8.37 (SD) years . The evaluation of atomic sclerosis, reviewed by contrasting and LOCS III outline was Grade 2 in each of according to the 60 selected patients. In bunch 1, 17 were male and 13 were females 18 were RE and 12 were LE. The middle pre-usable specular include in this gathering was 2091 cells/mm2 with a mean specular check of cells/mm2(SD ). In bunch 2, 18 were male and 12 were females 16 were RE and 14 were LE. The middle pre-usable specular include in this gathering was 2037 cells/mm2 with a mean specular check of cells/mm2(SD ). The intra-usable parameters surveyed in this way study were two, the liquid volume utilized and the compelling phaco time. In bunch 1 the normal liquid volume utilized was 145.67 mL (SD 16.34 ). The normal Effective phaco time was 14.70 sec (SD 2.77). In bunch 2 the normal liquid volume utilized was 137.33 mL (SD 10.80). The normal Effective phaco time was 12.67 sec (SD 2.34) Corneal endothelial cell tallies were assessed at multi week, a month and 12 weeks post-operatively in the two gatherings. Endothelial cell misfortune was determined in this arrangement as the distinction between the pre-employable specular check and the specular tally at 12 weeks. Further, the Endothelial cell misfortune (%) was determined as: ECL (%) = Pre-operation specular tally Post operation tally at 12 weeks x 100 Pre-operation specular tally The mean endothelial cell misfortune in group1 was 489 cells/mm2(SD 133.44).. The normal endothelial cell misfortune (%) in group1 was 21.5%. The mean endothelial cell misfortune in group1 was 489 cells/mm2(SD 133.44).. The normal endothelial cell misfortune (%) in group1 was 21.5%. The endothelial cell misfortune was investigated measurably and its relationship to, successful phaco time and liquid volume was contemplated. In this investigation, the subsequent period was 3 months in light of the fact that Beltrame et al52 and other workers53, 54 have confirmed that a 3-month time span was adequate to permit steady and complete endothelial injury recuperating. In this examination, the factors were broke down as for their impact on the result utilizing fitting tests for factual centrality (SPSS17.0).Effective phaco time and liquid volume utilized demonstrated a solid positive relationship to the endothelial cell misfortune (p-esteem <0.001). Thomas Kohnen, Burkhard Dick et al detailed a direct straight connection among ECL and Ultrasound time (UST) for example ECL expanded as UST expanded. Different investigations have involved liquid volume as a factor. Our examination shows a positive relationship between's powerful phaco time and liquid volume with endothelial cell misfortune. Effat A. Elnaby et al assessed the impacts of phacoemulsification time on the corneal endothelium utilizing Phaco Prechop (bunch A) versus Divide and Conquer (Group B). The mean cell misfortune in bunch A was 13.86% and 17.72% in Group B, separately. The mean cell misfortune in our investigation contrast in the two gatherings, It was 22.7% in bunch 1and 15.7% in bunch 2. This distinction imply that partition and vanquish method is related with more measure of endothelial cell misfortune contrasted with direct slash procedure. Our examination results adjust to the distributed information of different investigations with respect to the job of phacoemulsification time and liquid volume utilized. The positive relationship between's the factors contemplated (compelling phaco time and liquid volume utilized) and the result for example corneal endothelial cell misfortune features the significance and job of these components with respect to endothelial cell misfortune in phacoemulsification. Of the 60 cases examined, there were no significant post-employable entanglements in any of the cases. Three patients required post-usable topical beta-blockers for raised IOP which settled more than about fourteen days. The last visual result in our investigation was good and no distinction was found in the two gatherings as far as post-usable visual result. The consequences of our examination matches with the finding of different investigations done beforehand concerning hazard factors for endothelial cell misfortune in phacoemulsification. These components are progressively critical in patients with poor corneal endothelium cell tally because of maturing or optional to other corneal pathology. The potential restrictions of our examination incorporate the absence of randomization between two gatherings and the idea of study was observational and just atomic sclerosis grade 2 were incorporated to keep up the indistinguishable trademark in the two gatherings. Subjective examination of specular include was not done in this investigation. Future investigations might think about various nucleotomy procedures other at that point analyzed in this examination among randomized gatherings.

Essay Topics on Racism - The Pros and Cons

<h1>Essay Topics on Racism - The Pro's and Cons</h1><p>Some individuals state that article subjects on prejudice are excessively disputable. Be that as it may, an assortment of points are not really disputable. Before you abandon getting an article point on bigotry finished for your school confirmations expositions, read up and consider the advantages and disadvantages of the topic.</p><p></p><p>First, pick a general theme on race-based issues. A few models incorporate any issues with respect to migrants, the military, political accuracy, victimization youngsters, sexual orientation imbalance, the appointment of President Obama, and issues of American quality and shortcoming on the planet. The subject can be tied in with anything that you think will speak to a school affirmations committee.</p><p></p><p>For model, think about a theme on medicate misuse. There is probably going to be some debate over a point on bigotry or separation or anything of that nature. On the off chance that you do pick a subject on prejudice, you may wind up being reprimanded by different understudies who are uninformed of the theme. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that you pick a point on sedate maltreatment, you could find that understudies will see your subject as helping them to study a point they probably won't be recognizable with.</p><p></p><p>Second, consider what the school entrance advisory board will search for in your subject. All things considered, a significant number of them will need to realize how well you will show your viewpoint. This implies your article ought to give models from your own life that show how you have utilized your insight, experience, and aptitude to help others.</p><p></p><p>To stay away from issues with the school entrance advisory board, you should ensure that you practice your exposition themes on bigotry on paper before composing t he real paper. The school entrance advisory board is probably going to need to see instances of your insight, encounters, and ability in your subject. You can likewise utilize this chance to compose a progression of vignettes utilizing your point that will show how you applied your insight, experience, and ability to the issues in your essay.</p><p></p><p>Third, composing your exposition ought to be basic and direct. Numerous understudies with secondary school and advanced educations battle with how to organize their expositions. On the off chance that you have a rundown of themes you need to incorporate, however you find that you battle with composing, it may be ideal to recruit a paper author to assist you with this assignment.</p><p></p><p>With some assistance, you can without much of a stretch total your article points on bigotry. Simply ensure that you sort out your exposition points on bigotry with the goal that they are as near tedious as possible.</p>

The Hidden Truth About British Lit Research Paper Topics

<h1> The Hidden Truth About British Lit Research Paper Topics</h1> <h2>The Importance of British Lit Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Now to start your paper or even think about a subject you must comprehend what precisely British writing is about. Numerous splendid people can complete high in various areas, however when it has to do with look into paper composing, it very well may be hard. </p> <p>The achievement of the last paper is needy upon many perspectives and models. While you get writing audit on the web, you can be sure with respect to the nature of paper. RePEc working paper arrangement committed to the work advertise. </p> <p>Writing an examination paper on world writing is a somewhat charming and testing work. Every one of our essayists have awesome training and can help you, since we have twofold superb check, and you won't ever get a paper that humiliates you. Prior to the genuine composition, it's encouraged to make a draft or a blueprint so you could structure your thoughts and see a completely clear image of your forthcoming article or an American writing research paper. You won't think that its hard to pick a subject for British writing research project. </p> <p>The paper doesn't appear in any way that there's a causal connect to sickness in people. A sort of research proposal you've presented passes on the focal thought or contention that you intend to convey to your target group. A specific postulation articulation should then be composed, however you need to verify that it isn't stated looking like an inquiry. Regardless of whether a specific research paper theme is getting loads of buzz right now or others appear to be keen on expounding on it, don't feel enticed to make it your point on the off chance that you don't really have some sort of enthusiasm for it moreover. </p> <h2>The Debate Over British Lit Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>It is an inconceivable undertaking to make a theoretical research paper since this sort of article consistently addresses a specific subject and gives a genuine quest for ideal strategies for tackling a particular issue. On the off chance that you despite everything feel you need assistance, regardless of whether you've figured out how to settle on a point, you may consistently look for the administrations of a custom composing administration to help you produce a fantastic research paper of which you'll be glad and will promise you a pleasant imprint. In the event that you don't wish to focus on the substance of British writing, it's conceivable to rather look at the shape and style. All things considered, paying little heed to the previously mentioned included advantages, there are understudies who are either not truly adept at composing or essentially can't discover time to broaden a predominant paper. </p> <h2>Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for British Lit Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>So should you have to utilize school article essayist on the web, we're only the individuals that you should contact. What you try to encourage your peruser will discover the type of your paper. You ought to be sure to comprehend everything obviously once you select an article theme. In certain examples, you can begin by presenting the writer and their book. </p> <h2> British Lit Research Paper Topics Features </h2> <p>It's advantageous to figure out how to fuse the bits of knowledge and thoughts of various researchers inside your own one of a kind individual discoveries. At the point when you are worried about composing research paper, it c an make you be pushed and not to be able to act in the most effortless manner all through various districts of your life. You can both use individual experience and spread new subtleties for you, reliant on the exploration of various writers and making your very own inferences. Notwithstanding what your center may be, you should do a little research. </p> <p>Writing is a current that falls into place without any issues. Points are as of now precarious to discover, and a ton of them are commonplace no doubt. Instances of College Research Essay Topics to Consider Therefore, you can discover help from us on the off chance that you need more time to inquire about on great subjects, at whatever point you have a requesting cutoff time to convey your work you despite everything haven't found an awesome theme or when you're overpowered with your scholarly burden. </p> <p>Regardless of what type you might want Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your prerequisites. Rather than concentrating on a specific essayist, you may wish to handle a particular point in British artistic examinations. Innovation may once in a while bomb you. </p>

Pro and Cons Essay Topics

<h1>Pro and Cons Essay Topics</h1><p>In this article I will examine how to move toward the composition of a master and cons exposition. Understudies, either undergrad or graduate, are required to compose these sorts of papers in their arrangement courses. I will likewise talk about certain advantages and disadvantages of each topic.</p><p></p><p>Pros: Writing a master and cons exposition expects you to be more receptive and expository than if you were to simply do a repeat of a point that you read about in a course reading. You should assess the two sides of the contention, yet not only present your feeling with regards to which theme is better. You should have the option to peruse and decipher the data introduced, yet additionally arrive at a resolution. You should mull over the way that the two sides of the contention ought to be addressed.</p><p></p><p>Cons: While composing an ace and con's article, it can turn out to be very monotonous to need to compose every single opportunity you run over a solitary point on either side of the discussion. You should, along these lines, be prepared to invest a ton of energy in such a task. It is even conceivable that your focuses might be excused as 'inconsequential' by the other party and in this way being named as a unimportant point. This is a positive inconvenience. In the event that this occurs, it is ideal to begin fresh.</p><p></p><p>Furthermore, I discover the way that I am compelled to compose on a particular subject to be an exercise in futility and assets. It causes me to feel like I am simply understanding data and not so much captivating with the material. Then again, in the event that you are attempting to get an advanced education, such a squandered exertion could bring about you not getting a degree, except if you can some way or another persuade the instructor that your postulation is significant, and the data in the article isn't trivial.</p><p></p><p>Pro and con themes will in general spotlight on real data and significant focuses that are not insignificant. I did an examination paper one time, and composing a comparable star and con article. I found that I got familiar with how things work, and my thoughts changed, on the off chance that I had the option to call attention to any blemishes in their contention. In this manner, in the event that I didn't legitimately address the issue, I would in any event have the option to express that a blemish was present.</p><p></p><p>Cons will in general discussion about free decision. It tends to be a battle for an understudy to precisely communicate their assessment on free decision, in light of the fact that there are a wide range of individuals who accept various things on this topic.</p><p></p><p>Pros and cons are genuinely easy to get a handle on. Interestingly, most understudie s don't generally see how they are to do this. They just accept that they should offer a sentiment, and afterward clarify why they accept that it isn't right. Now and then it can appear to be entangled when you are confronted with two contradicting purposes of view.</p><p></p><p>Of course, a decent influential exposition is certifiably not a straightforward procedure. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that you follow the rules, you will be well en route to a triumphant contention in a class or an exposition that is really intriguing and worthwhile.</p>

Essay Topics For Kids - Helping Your Child Learn To Write

Essay Topics For Kids - Helping Your Child Learn To WriteEssay topics for kids are easy to find and they can be easy to write as well. You want to have a topic that will allow the child to express their ideas in a fun way. Of course, there are some things you should avoid in writing this topic for your child.One of the most important things to remember is that children can't read your writing. So, if you want to show your kid how to use a computer, then make sure you get a basic English vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Make sure that your child knows how to spell and uses it correctly. If you can do these things, you will be in a better position to write the essays that your child will like.Remember that every subject is different. For example, if you want to write a sports topic for kids, then you need to show them how to follow directions, but it's important to also show them what is acceptable and what isn't. While a math topic for kids may seem easy, you'll find that there are s ome things that your child needs to understand before being able to do well on it. As a parent, don't become frustrated when you find that you have to explain it to your child.Now, if you have more than one subject to write about, then you may want to think about taking a slightly different approach. You can combine two or three subjects together to form an essay that will be easy to understand. The only problem with combining them is that your child will probably lose some of their interest in the combined topic, but it should still be a fun experience for them.The other thing to keep in mind when you're researching essay topics for kids is that they are younger than you are. They may think that they are smarter than you, but as parents, we are here to teach them how to be responsible adults, not role models. So, we need to give them a set of rules, but that doesn't mean that we shouldn't encourage them to take pride in doing well on something. That said, it is important that we're able to teach them what is expected of them.Kids love to write, so you should give them lots of writing materials and encourage them to write and research. You can provide the research with your help, but you may find that your child would be more interested in the time that they spend on it. That is why you may want to buy them interesting flash cards and storybooks that have interesting stories that they can play with.On the other hand, if you decide to write the essay topics for kids yourself, then you should go with some sort of format. For one thing, you want to include lots of research for the topic so that you won't feel overwhelmed. You also want to include lots of examples. Plus, your students need to be able to see that you are an educated adult, which shows your child that you care about what they learn.Once your children get involved in writing, you can expect them to develop very good essay topics for kids. There are many resources that you can go to when you're search ing for these topics. You can find these in books and on the internet.

How to Write an Abstract Research Paper

<h1>How to Write an Abstract Research Paper</h1><p>When you get a hang of conceptual research papers, they can take on a wide range of structures. At the point when you read a theoretical, you can get a brief look into the subject of the article or report you are perusing. While numerous scholastic papers are composed to clarify some part of a subject, a theoretical additionally fills a subsequent need. A theoretical is normally given to the overall population so as to give them a brief look at the point being discussed.</p><p></p><p>The key to composing a theoretical research paper is to start by distinguishing the motivation behind the work. For instance, the reason for the article, a report, or the last record can help in choosing what to expound on. For a theoretical, you will need to give a concise outline of the point. Most modified works start with the individual's name and afterward go into the topic.</p><p></p><p >Most individuals who compose examine papers don't peruse numerous books and papers since they are excessively occupied with their occupations, youngsters, and different exercises that keep them occupied. Be that as it may, it is conceivable to pick up information from a few sources. The key is to accumulate however much data as could be expected before composing the paper. This will permit you to compose the theoretical correctly.</p><p></p><p>The arrangement of the paper likewise includes the gathering of information. It is critical to accumulate this information appropriately and precisely. In the event that you experience issues gathering information, you can utilize a pre-composed poll to assemble data about the point. Numerous authors like this since it tends to be done in a short measure of time and regularly has less exertion required from the writer.</p><p></p><p>The look into paper of the theoretical research paper can com prise of a few unique kinds of research. The primary kinds are subjective and quantitative. Subjective research is the most well-known sort of research that is done in a theoretical. In this kind of research, the scientist will meet a gathering of individuals and gather data about their sentiments and feelings on the point at hand.</p><p></p><p>Quantitative research paper is vastly different than the subjective research paper. In this kind of research, the analyst breaks down a lot of information to concoct an answer about the theme being examined. Now and again, the reason for the examination is to just quantify the estimation of a product.</p><p></p><p>When composing a theoretical research paper, you will find that you should utilize various kinds of watchwords. These catchphrases can be utilized all through the paper, yet you should utilize them sparingly. Such a large number of watchwords can make the paper hard to peruse poorly.&l t;/p><p></p><p>An dynamic research paper can be a genuine eye-opener. It can give a depiction of the theme being examined, an outline of the data accumulated, and a decent end. Individuals love perusing research papers and modified works since they give a concise summation of the whole point. Obviously, a theoretical ought to be utilized related to an examination paper.</p>

What Is the Most Important Thing to Have in a College Essay?

<h1>What Is the Most Important Thing to Have in a College Essay?</h1><p>Do you realize the most significant thing to have in a school exposition? This is a significant inquiry. This is something that all understudies at the school should know, and maybe in the event that you know the appropriate response, it may give you the additional push you have to get your school article done.</p><p></p><p>Most secondary school papers are the equivalent, yet as you've most likely speculated, they're generally one page long. The significant thing to have in a school paper is to make it fascinating. On the off chance that you can benefit as much as possible from each and every word you need to inform your peruser regarding your contemplations and encounters, you will be remunerated greatly.</p><p></p><p>The best school expositions regularly have a solid topic to them. For instance, in case you're expounding on things like the signif icance of perusing the paper, having a feeling, and different points, you should ensure you have a decent subject to tie these things together. A decent subject can assist you with setting up the realities and make the article exceptionally successful. You would prefer not to simply incorporate each reality you learned in school, do you?</p><p></p><p>In truth, you ought to try and consider including some verifiable data about yourself and your encounters to make an individual article. This is particularly evident in case you're going to take a class that expects you to compose for a whole term. The data about yourself, your own life, and how you came to realize this data is a significant piece of any school essay.</p><p></p><p>When composing your paper, recall that you don't need to follow any one equation. You can incorporate a ton of insights concerning yourself yet remember that it's critical to make your own decisions dependent on your encounters and discoveries. The significant thing to have in a school exposition is making your decisions consistent with yourself and your experiences.</p><p></p><p>Writing school articles isn't really as troublesome the same number of individuals accept. It extremely just requires some investment and exertion. Since such a large number of individuals will definitely be perusing and making a decision about your exposition, ensure you expound on things that you genuinely believe are important.</p><p></p><p>When you end up asking yourself what the most significant thing to have in a school paper is, you'll see that it's in reality easy to make sense of. The straightforward realities about yourself and your encounters will go far towards making an intriguing and powerful essay.</p>

One of the Most Incredibly Neglected Solutions for Term Paper Helper

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User modes in VIM - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1: Introduction Background and Motivation With the world shrinking to become one global village, with the leading MNCs of the world exalting the need for Virtual Teams and with heavy emphasis on dividing a problem into sub-problems, each to be handled in parallel, Real-time Collaboration has become simply inevitable. As such, there is a surge in demand for solutions which can help in real-time collaboration rather than the traditional method of granting access to only one user at a time for doing his work and then passing the floor to the next user. It does not come as a surprise that Google is already creating the Waves in the field of Real-time Collaboration.. In the past, the emphasis was on Non-real time collaborative systems like Microsoft Sharepoint, SunForum etc. Although these applications allowed multi users to work on a single document concurrently but being non-real time, only one user could hold the lock to edit the document at a time and the other users were held waiting. This defies the actual concept of collaboration which has to be mutual i.e. interaction between all parties involved. Many researchers from across the globe have been working to address this issue. For instance, CoWord and CoPowerPoint are the recent innovations which serve as a solution to the problem raised above. The collaboration technique used here does not modify the original application, but rather exploits the Microsoft APIs to build collaboration on top of Microsoft Word and PowerPoint. A similar approach would be used by the author to extend functionalities to CoVIM a multi-user collaborative version of single user text editor called VIM. Project Objectives The main purpose of this project is to fully convert a single-user text editor called VIM into a multi-user collaborative application called CoVIM. Being an on-going project carried forward from previous FYP student, the focus of the authors project is to incorporate various new features in CoVIM application. The scope of the project is as follows: Understanding of various user modes in VIM Familiarisation with VIM Script to use its API (Application Programming Interface) for implementation of new functionalities in CoVIM Studying, adapting and extending the technical approaches used to design Insert and Normal Mode to design Replace Mode for CoVIM Stress-testing the system from the users point of view Limitations CoVim is an on-going project aimed to overcome its limitations with continuous research and future developments. At present, the complexity of Vi script and limitation of time has given rise to following limitations: Lack of incorporation of all the fundamental 7 Modes of Vim into CoVIM Lack of concept of privileged users Inability to exactly replicate all user actions (e.g. Ctrl+Backspace) Inability to track mouse events Resources In terms of the Resources utilization, the Project is not very expensive. Both the hardware and the software required for the completion of Project are easily available. The software is charity-ware and easily downloadable. Hardware 2 or more personal Computers for Testing LAN infrastructure Software gVIM 7.2 for understanding the working of VIM software, editing of Vim Script and user testing. Report Organization The Report has been divided into several chapters: Chapter 1 is the prelude to the report expressing the authors motivation, projects overview, scope, resources and limitations. Chapter 2 accredits the previous research work already done in the field of the project Chapter 3 gives the reader a basic background of functions and features of VIM. Chapter 4 introduces the collaborative technique used to develop CoVIM and the system architecture for the same Chapter 5 elaborates the mechanisms to incorporate Replace Mode in CoVIM Chapter 6 illustrates various Test Cases and the systems response to the same Chapter 7 concludes the report by listing future recommendations for further improvement of CoVIM. Chapter 2: Literature Review For long, the world has realized the need for real-time collaborating techniques to turn single user applications into multi user applications. This chapter would accredit the prior work that has been done in this area and the highlight the concepts that would be applied in the implementation of CoVim. Prior Work Sun et al (2006) recognises the previous work that has been done in this field and has classified them on the basis of their approach to create multi-user applications out of single-user applications. According to this classification, following approaches exist: Generic Application Sharing with Centralized Architecture The generic-application sharing approach has been modelled after a chalkboard used during meetings. Following are the three fundamentals of this approach: Strict WYSIWIS (what you see is what I see): All the users of the shared application see the same thing at a time Sequential interaction paradigm: Only one user is the current holder of the floor i.e. only one user can interact with the application at a time. Centralized architecture: Only one instance of shared application is running in the system However, these basic fundamentals are a hindrance to the collaborative work that requires free and concurrent interactions. Moreover, a centralized architecture also leads to poor responsiveness and inefficient network usage. Generic Application Sharing with Replicated Architecture This approach attempts to replace the centralized architecture with a Replicated architecture wherein there are multiple instances of the shared application in the system. However, Technical challenges associated with replication like consistency maintenance of the state and view of the shared application, management of external resources (e.g., files, clocks, and network connections) and support for spontaneous interactions (e.g., accommodating late-comers) remain an open challenge to solve under the constraints of generic application sharing environments. Component Replacement Approach Flexible JAMM (Java Applets Made Multiuser) spearheaded this approach. The implementation is based on an object-oriented replicated architecture where certain single-user interface objects are dynamically replaced by multi-user extensions to allow for simultaneous editing. This approach brought about a paradigm shift in seeking generic solutions at the operating system level to exploring solutions at the application interface library level. Although this approach allows for concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS, flexible control, however it requires the application platform to have capabilities like process migration, runtime object replacement, and dynamic binding, which are not provided in many systems. Moreover, the coordination policies are embedded in the substituted collaboration-aware runtime environment of the single-user application, which according to Furuta and Stotts and Li etc is a major source of inflexibility. Transparent Adaptation Approach This is an innovative approach to Leveraging single-user applications for supporting multi-user collaboration. Sun et al. (2006) explains that this approach has the potential to significantly increase the availability and improve the usability of collaborative applications. The underlying fundamental of TA approach is to convert existing and new single-user applications into collaborative ones, without changing the source code of the original application. The cornerstone of the TA approach is the operational transformation (OT) technique and the method of adapting the single-user application programming interface to the data and operation models of OT. The aim is to not only retain the functionalities and look-and-feel of the single-user counterparts of the shared application, but also provide advanced multi-user collaboration capabilities for supporting multiple interaction paradigms, ranging from concurrent and free interaction to sequential and synchronized interaction, and for su pporting detailed workspace awareness, including multi-user telepointers and radar views. The TA approach and generic collaboration engine software component developed from this work are potentially applicable and reusable in adapting a wide range of single-user applications. Using this technique, CoWord, CoMaya, CoPowerpoint have already been developed and this project report would extend the TA approach to develop CoVim. The fundamentals underlying this approach are as follows: Transparent: TA uses the single-user application API and its execution environment to intercept and replay users interaction so that it does not need to access or change the application source code, thus being transparent to the application. Adaptation: Application API must be adaptable to data and operational models of OT technique Replicated architecture: Similar to component-replacement approach, the same instance of document is replicated at different collaborating sites so as to provide each user their own view of the document. This also allows local operation to take effect instantaneously at local site before propagating to other collaborating sites. The consistency maintenance problem that comes with the use of replicated architecture would be handled by the OT technique as described in the following section As a result of the above mentioned design considerations, Sun et al (2006) describes that collaborative applications based on the TA approach are able to achieve fast local response, concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS viewsharing and detailed workspace awareness the up-to-the-moment understanding of other users interactions with a shared workspace in order to coordinate users activities. Operational Transformation (OT) Operational transformation(OT) is a technology for supporting a range of collaboration functionalities in advancedgroupwaresystems. OT was originally invented for consistency maintenance andconcurrency controlin collaborative editing of plain text documents. Two decades of research has extended its capabilities and expanded its applications to include group undo, locking, conflict resolution, operation notification and compression, group-awareness, HTML/XML and tree-structured document editing, collaborative office productivity tools, application-sharing, and collaborative computer-aided media design tools. Recently, OT has been adopted as a core technique behind the collaboration features inGoogle Wave, which is taking OT to a new range of web-based applications. Collaborative systems using OT typically adopt a replicated architecture for the storage of shared documents to ensure good responsiveness in high latency environments, such as the Internet. The shared documents are replicated at the local storage of each collaborating site, so editing operations can be performed at local sites immediately and then propagated to remote sites. Remote editing operations arriving at a local site are typically transformed and then executed. The transformation ensures that application-dependent consistency criteria are achieved across all sites. The lock-free, non-blocking property of OT makes the local response time not sensitive to networking latencies. As a result, OT is particularly suitable for implementing collaboration features such as group editing in the Web/Internet context. The basic idea of OT is to transform (or adjust) the parameters of an editing operation according to the effects of previously executed concurrent operations so that the transformed operation can achieve the correct effect and maintain document consistency. It can be illustrated by the following example: Given a replicated text document containing string abc at two collaborating sites. Site 1 generates an independent operation O1 = Insert[0, x], which is to insert character x at position 0. Site 2 concurrently generates another independent operation O2 = Delete[2, c], which is to delete character c at position 2. (Assume index to start from 0) Suppose at Site 1, operations are executed in the order of O1 and O2, thus after execution of O1, the document would contain the string xabc. Suppose Site 1 executes O2 directly without any manipulation to the operation, it would incorrectly delete the text at position 2, which is character b instead of c, thus resulting in the string xac instead of xab. However, with OT, Site 1 would transform O2 against O1, which result in O2 being transformed into Delete[3, c], where the position parameter is incremented by 1 to take into consideration the impact of previous operation of inserting 1 character into the document. Thus, through proper transformation of an operation, document at Site 1 would correctly contain xab which is the intended end result. There exist two underlying models in each OT system: Data model that defines the way data objects in a document are addressed by operations. For e.g., the most fundamental data model is single linear address space. Operation model that defines the set of operations that can be directly transformed by OT functions. The most fundamental operation model consists of two primitive operations (PO): character-wise insert and delete. Chapter 3: Introduction to VIM VIM: What is VIM? VIM is a text-editor which does not only have all commands from the Unix program called Vi, but many new powerful commands as well (Appendix). So much so that its name was changed from being Vi IMitation initially to Vi IMproved. (Duperval, 1998) Since VIM is an editor and not a word-processor, the focus was always on entering the text effectively and not typesetting it. As such today, VIM is one of the most powerful text-editors around and one of the favourites of many programmers and users of Unix-like OSs. A brief history: Creator: Bram Moolenaar Initial release: 1991 Created for: Editing program source code Written in: C and Vim Script Stable Release: 7.2 (2008) The one used in this Project VIM: Where to use VIM? VIM is a portable cross-platform editor. It runs on most UNIX flavors as well as Widows, MacOS, DOS, VMS etc. Many several fronts to VIM exist like console, Motif, KDE, Windows GUI, Gtk+ etc. VIM: When to use VIM? All commands can be given to VIM with the keyboard. This has the advantage that one can keep his fingers on the keyboard and his eyes on the screen. For those who want it, there is mouse support and a GUI version with scrollbars and menus. Although Vim supports UTF-8 and has partial support for BIDI, it is not recommended for Hebrew editing. VIM: Why use VIM? There are a lot of fans of the 20-year-old vim editor. And no, they are not dinosaurs who dont want to catch up with the times the community of vim users just keeps growing. There are definite reasons why the vi/vim editing model is just superior to any other out there. And one doesnt need to be a UNIX whiz to use it, either: vim is available for free for almost any platform out there; and there are plug-ins to get the functionality inside all major IDEs. Lets see what makes it so popular: Extensibility: Vim supports its own scripting language, numerous plug-ins and several common scripting languages (Perl, Python, Tcl, Ruby). Highlighting: Text highlighting was designed to help programmers through visual aids which enable users to recognize the structure of the file and to spot errors easily. It is also used in text searching, where search results are highlighted. Repeat Commands: The . command repeats the last change made in normal mode. For example, if the user presses dw to delete a word, he can then press . to delete another word. The @: command repeats the last command-line change (a command invoked with :, for example :s/old/new/). Vim also supports macros. A macro is used to record a sequence of actions inside Vim. Once recorded, it can be executed multiple times using the repeat factor in vim. Folding: A method that is able to represent a range of lines with a single line of text. Through folding, users can get a good overview of the file content. Indentation: Indentation of text, especially program source codes, can be a tedious and time consuming task. The autoindent feature of VIM indents a line by the same amount of indentation as the previous line. The task of indenting C program code has been made easier with the cindent feature. It automatically indents C code and similar languages like Java and C++ in the way that most programmers want. The way of indentation can also be tuned to follow many different styles. The last type of indentation, which Vim is currently still working on, is a flexible scheme for indentation. It works by calling a user defined function that returns the preferred indentation. This would encourage users to write and contribute indent functions for different languages and thus aid other users in their indentation of the same type of file. Customizable: Using Vim Map feature, the user can map a key to a particular job that he performs repeatedly. The map feature has been exploited a lot while designing the CoVIM. The keys are mapped to not only perform an operation one local side but remote side as well. For details, please refer to Chapter 4. Vim allows users to modify the behavior of Vim via its own declarative scripting language. This scripting language is offers the complete collection of keyboard shortcuts and ex-commands and can also be used to author existing tools which enhances Vims syntax highlighting facilities or change the editors approach depending on the current file type. Scripting can be enabled in several ways. Script functions can be inserted in short segments into .vimrc file. Alternatively, a separate containing the functions file such as myscript.vim, can be created and placed into the Vim plug-in directory. When it is launched, Vim will automatically load any scripts residing in the script path a s if they had been added to .vimrc Documentation: It is very well documented VIM: How to use VIM? VIM can be used in various modes. It has got 6 fundamental modes and 6 derived modes (italicised in table below), thereby enabling the flexibility of moving across in 12 modes. Mode How to use this Mode? Insert Insert mode can be reached in several ways, but some of the most common ones area(append after cursor),i(insert before cursor),A(append at end of line),I(insert at beginning of line),C(change to end of line), ands(substitute characters). This mode is, in simple terms, used for inserting new text in the buffer. Normal Also known as the Command mode, whatever the user types in this mode are some kinds of commands. This is the default mode in Vim. It is mainly used for navigation and manipulation of text by the use of simple commands. For e.g., typing dd in this mode will delete a line in this mode, typing : will take the user to Commandline mode, etc. If the user is in any mode, he can always return to Normal mode by pressing Esc. Visual Visual mode is the visual representation of the Normal mode wherein the text on which any command is to be executed will be highlighted simultaneously so that the user could see for himself what text he is going to alter. In a nutshell, the mode is frequently used for navigation and manipulation of text selections. Details in Section 6.5. Select Similar to visual mode, but Select mode has a more MS-Windows like behavior. This means that if the user types a single character it replaces the selection. Of course he loses all the one key operation on selection likeUto make a selection uppercase. The user normally starts selecting a text to enter select mode or uses gH command to enter this mode. Details in Section 6.5 Command-line Behaves similarly to a command prompt where user is given one line to input his command after which it would be interpreted as a command, search or filter. At the end of the command, user goes back to the Normal Mode. For e.g., /word will find the text word in the document and highlight all instances. Then :s/old/new is used to substitute new text for all occurrences of old text. Ex-mode Similar to the command-line mode but optimized for batch processing i.e. user can enter multiple commands continuously until they leave the mode. The user can enter the mode by pressing Q in Normal Mode and exit by typing :visual. The user uses this mode to update (save) his changes to file or quit from the application. Operator-pending Similar to Normal mode, it is used for accepting motion to determine the text which will be operated on. For e.g., w means that a word will be operated upon. $ means that the text from current position to end of line will be operated upon. Operators are d for deletion, for indenting. So d$ will delete the text from cursor till end of line. Thus, the user uses this mode when he has a range of text to be operated upon and that range can be determined by a motion command. Details in Section 6.3 Replace Similar to the Insert mode but typing a new character overwrites the existing ones. The user enters this mode by pressing Insert key or typing R command in Normal mode. Replace Mode should be used when a majority of text is to be overwritten with a new text. For minor text replacements, user can always use r command in Normal mode. Details in Section 5.1 Virtual Replace Similar to Replace mode, but instead of file characters you are replacing screen real estate. Insert Normal Entered when CTRL-O given in Insert mode; this is like Normal mode, but after executing one command Vim returns to Insert mode. The mode is used when the user mainly wants to work in the Insert Mode but wants to use a few Normal mode commands off and on. For eg, type Ctrl-Ox to delete the current character and go back to typing in Insert Mode. Insert Visual Entered when starting a Visual selection from Insert mode, it ends in Insert Mode once the visual selection is completed. The mode is used when the user wants to use visual mode for a short while and quickly return back to the Insert mode for creating text. Insert Select Entered when starting Select mode from Insert mode, it ends in Insert mode. The user uses this mode when he wants to create text, select it to manipulate it and then go back to creating new text in the buffer. To enter this mode, just select the text using mouse while in Insert Mode. Chapter 4: Collaborative Technique and Birth of CoVIM System Architecture The figure on the left describes the architecture of the technique used to model CoVim: Single-User Application: The application with single UI and functionalities, oblivious of the collaborative components. For e.g., standard VIM application. Collaborative Adaptor: An additional software component built on top of SA to make it adaptable to underlying GCE. CA acts as a bridge between SA and GCE by customizing collaboration capabilities offered by GCE for SA. Thus, CA is aware of both SA and collaborative techniques offered by GCE. For e.g., CoVim. General Collaboration Engine: A framework which offers application-independent collaborative techniques, thus being oblivious to SA. It uses OT as an underlying principle for consistency maintenance. Collaboration Adaptor The CA is the most vital component for real-time collaboration. It serves 2 specific purposes: To convert single-user application for collaboration without making any changes to the existing application To reuse same GCE for different collaboration projects Following are the various modules of CA: CoVim Data Address Adaptation Data Addressing is regarded as the way how the textual information is referenced, and how it is being viewed by the user in an editing session. In Vim, every new file or existing file loaded into memory for editing is termed as a buffer. The buffer maintains information such as cursor positions, marks and text information. Although characters in a plain text document may be represented in a sequential manner, information in these buffers, including position of cursors and characters, however, is referenced by two parameters: line and column. Every buffer starts with line one and every line starts with column one. But CoVim still uses linear addressing space to access the buffer information. This has been possible because of line2byte method in Vi-script (i.e. Vim API) which converts information in a line into its bytes equivalent. And it is known that every character 1 byte, so byte equivalent of a line is actually number of characters present in the line. Similarly, byte2line method returns the line number of the character given the byte is known. And using little maths, the column of that character can also be found. This is needed because to correctly replay the effect, the linear position would have to be translated back to two parameters, line and column, so that the character can be correctly inserted at the correct position. With the linear addressing scheme created, CoVim could implement the basic OT data model for address adaptation. In this approach, the users point of view of the document would remain the same, where they would still visualize and refer characters position with line and column. However, in the APIs point of view, the modified addressing scheme had allowed characters to be accessed by their position references in the new linear addressing space. The relationship between the characters in the user interface and their position references in the linear addressing space is illustrated below: Inter-process Communication To further aid the explanation and comprehension of CoVims implementation, this section describes how messages are being exchanged between the SA and CA. Vim OLE: To pass messages to Vim Vim has provided an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) interface which enables Vim to act as an OLE automation server, accessible from any OLE client. By making use of the interface, OLE clients would be able to execute OLE methods, which include sending keys (SendKeys) to and evaluating (Eval) script functions defined in Vim. CoVim external library: To pass messages from Vim Vim script has a built-in method called libcall which is used to call functions in external libraries. Vimcom.dll serves as the external library and also acts as an intermediary between the SA i.e. Vim and CA. Messages were passed from Vim into the function as arguments which were then forwarded to the CA via Inter-Process Communication methods. The method used in this case was SendMessage, which help guarantees the message is received before returning the libcall function. This is to ensure that no messages were lost which could cause inconsistency problem and disrupt the collaboration process. Interception of User-generated events The task of intercepting and processing the events at the local side is done by LOH. In CoVim, Vim script is used for interception of events such as key inputs. In CoVim, an array of all possible keys is created. This array is mapped and unmapped whenever the user enters/exits the Insert Mode. Similarly, all these keys behave as commands in Normal/Visual/Operator pending modes. So, they are mapped to methods which simulate the designated command on the remote sides. For e.g., r is mapped to the Replace method in Normal Mode which simulates r on the remote sides of the shared application Vim using libcall method as mentioned in Section 4.4.2 API-AO Implementation Adapted Operations (AO) play a very important role in the implementation of CA for the following reasons: AO represents the interactions between the user and SA: AO transforms the events produced by user interaction with SA into standard representations to be processed by OT for consistency maintenance. AO is also the representative of remote operation processed by ROH. AO acts as a bridge between API (SA- level) and OT (GCE-level): All the remote operations (indicated by AOs) are first transformed into suitable POs and then processed by OT. The OT-processed operation is interpreted by means of API to be suitable replayed at the remote side. Thus, AO serves as a common medium between these two processes thereby keeping OT independent of SA. As seen from the figure xxx, the POs available in GCE are Insert, Delete and Update. But being a text editor, all the operations in Vim can be manipulated in terms of Insert and Delete solely. This is because the text is never italicised or underlined or changed in font or colour, so Update is redundant. Thus, AOs only for Insert and Delete are needed in Vim. Mutual exclusion It is necessary that the LOH and ROH modules in CA are able to run concurrently as two processes but they should be mutually exclusive as well i.e. at one time only one of them should be active. This is done to enforce the atomicity of local and remote operations. For instance, during an atomic local operation, from the point where the local interaction is intercepted, till the time where the interaction is replayed locally, any remote operations received should not be allowed to process. But because of different communication paths taken for sending and receiving of messages, it is quite possible that the remote operation gets processed by CA before the local operation is played. For example, local operation O(L) = Insert[1,x] and O(R) = Insert[1,y]. Now since O(L) is generated before O(R) is received, the local side should contain xy. But if O(R) is replayed before O(L), then the local side text would be read as yx. However, on the remote side, the text should look like xy. This wo uld lead to inconsistency of the documents at two sides. So to avoid this trouble, it is possible to force the local operation to be played first. This has been done by implementing a lock in the Vim script. Now the local operation would first try to acquire this lock. Upon successful acquisition only, the function (operation) would perform its task; else it would return ignoring the input. Now when the remote operation comes to the local side, it would not be able to acquire the lock if it has been taken by the local operation. Once the local operation is replayed, it would give out the lock to remote operation to replay its effect. Inter-collaborative site communication To facilitate the various sites to collaborate, it is necessary to appropriately propagate and receive AOs.: It is important to see the format of serialized AO: siteid, adaptedoperation, numofprimitiveoperations {,type, pos, length, data}, type, pos, length, data where: siteid: id of site where AO is generated adaptedoperation = string called AO numofprimitiveoperations = number of POs in which this AO is to be translated into type = type of PO i.e. Insert or Delete pos = position where the PO takes place length = length of data modified data = text to be inserted/deleted , (comma) acts as the delimiter. For example, following are valid serialized AOs: g:CAAddress[bufnr(%)].,AO,2,Delete,.ipos.,.strlen(keys).,.keys.,Insert,.ipos.,1,.a:key g:CAAddress[bufnr(%)].,AO,1,Delete,.ipos.,.strlen(keys).,.keys Chapter 5: Replace Mode Implementation Requirements Analysis: How Replace works? The user can enter Replace mode with the R command in normal mode. The Insert key on keyboard toggles the mode between Insert and Replace. In Replace mode, every new character typed overwrites the original character written in the buffer. If there is no character to delete (at the end of the line), the typed character is appended (as in Insert mode). Thus the number of characters in a line stays the same until the end of the line is reached. If a NLis typed, a line break is inserted and no character is deleted. Even Delbehaves the same way as in Insert Mode i.e. deletes the character next to the cursor. The only exception being the use of BSi.e. Backspace. Backspacing in Replace Mode actually deletes the changes. The characters that were replaced are restored. If the user had typed past the existing text, the characters added would be deleted. This is effectively a character-at-a-time undo. Effectively, writing in Replace Mode is combination of 2 primitive operations: Deletion and Insertion. The user can exit Replace Mode by pressing Escto enter Normal Mode. Alternately, VIM provides r command in Normal Mode for quick replace of a character. It saves the user the trouble of shifting mode to replace the characters. The syntax of replace command is given as below: Esccountrx Where: Escis to enter the Normal Mode Countis the number of characters to be replaced xis the new character to overwrite the existing ones Lets see how it works: Assume the following text is written in a file and the cursor is on R of replace: I am going to test Replace command here Case 1: x is any key but Enter Now if the user presses Esc3rt Buffer: I am going to test tttlace command Case 2: x is Enter key Assume now he presses 2rEnter Buffer: I am going to test tt ace command here Where n means NewLine and r means carriage return So, it is observed that even though both t and l character have been replaced since count=2 but only one has been inputted. Summary: If x=Enter, Only 1 newline replaces the countnumber of characters Else, countnumber of x replaces countnumber of characters Note: x cannot b Del or BS. It has to be a printable character. After execution of this command, the user stays in Normal Mode. Thus, for minor replaces, it is convenient to use r command than changing the mode to Replace. Anyhow the author has covered both the implementations in his project. Design: Pseudo code Build: Coding Refer to Appendix B for Codes. Integration: Testing Once the code has been written, it is essential to test it for all possible imaginable inputs a user can enter. Even while the code was being written, the author had been running various Unit tests to ensure that the changes he is making to the code are yielding the expected results. In totality, the author has come up with following test cases to stress-test the replace functionality. What comprises of an exhaustive Test case package? Test (count = 0): As soon as the user presses 0, the cursor moves to the start of line. And then replaces the first character with the x Test (count 0): If count is negative, the Vim automatically ignores the negative sign and replaces modulus(count) number of characters with x Test (count 0): countcharacters are replaced by x Test (x = Enter): countcharacters are deleted but only one newline is inserted. Test (x = All other printable keys): countcharacters are replaced by x Test (x= Non-printable keys): Nothing happens. Remember that the syntax for r is r. Lets now focus on test cases for r replace command. Assume all commands to be independent of any previous command. Assume the text written in the test file is: I am going to test Replace command. Now, lets see what comprises of an exhaustive test case package for Replace Mode: Inserting a printable character at a position where buffer is empty: Inserts like in Insert Mode; Since no character is deleted so orig= NULL. Inserting at a position where a character already exists in the buffer: Deletes the original character and puts the character and its position called pos in buffer in origand inserts the newly typed character and its pos in new Deleting using Del key: Deletes the character at cursor Backspacing Pos in origand newexists: Deletes character at pos in newand inserts character at pos from orig Pos in origdoes not exist but exists in new: Deletes character at pos in newand does not insert anything; like Normal BS. If any character from replaceobstructlistis typed, origand newbecomes NULL. origand newdont contain pos: If BS is pressed, then it behaves like a Left Arrow i.e. nothing is deleted, only cursor shifts left. Note: replaceobstructlist: {Left, Right, Up, Down, PgUp, PgDown, Home, End, Esc} Lets now analyse few test cases for Replace Mode. Assume empty file. Also, assume all the operations mentioned in Test case are done in succession. The underlined shows the cursor position Chapter 6: System Testing and Integration Testing Strategy The following testing strategies have been followed by the author in order to stress-test the CoVim system: Functional Testing: The focus of testing has been to check whether the implemented features work according to the stated documentation of VIM rather than to check the non-functional requirements like Security, Scalability of the CoVIM application. The author has laid emphasis on testing the various commands offered by VIM, the operators and motions recognised in Vim and the modes available in Vim. Dynamic Testing: A variety of test cases have been adopted to counter all exceptions. For e.g., the implementation of backspace is an exceptional case in designing Replace Mode. Then there needs to be a separate handling for Enter key while implementing Normal replace command r. The author has had test cases for all exceptions. Integration testing: The whole CoVim application was broken down into its various consisting modules and each module has been tested individually first and then after integration with the whole system. The break-test-consolidate approach has been used for testing i.e. break into sub-modules, test and consolidate the sub-modules. For e.g., initially only the Insert Mode was tested and implemented. Thereafter, various commands of Normal Mode like J (join), r(replace), u(undo) etc were implemented and tested individually. Then it was tested whether integrating them together makes a stable system. One such test case (Test Case 9) which exposed the flaw while integrating Insert and Undo command is listed in Section 6.4 Grey Box Testing: The author had the access to implementation of the code to design appropriate test cases to validate the system against the specifications of VIM in its documented manual. System Testing: Once the entire system has been integrated together, test cases were run to see if the system is behaving as the same way as desired i.e. whether the document is consistent on both Local and remote side and also whether the behaviour of CoVIm replicates VIM. For e.g., test case 10 and 11 of Section 6.4 elucidate that even though the local instance of CoVim is behaving as desired, but sometimes the remote instance fail to adapt the new changes thereby leading to inconsistency of document at different instances of the shared application. Now lets look at the various test cases on Mode by Mode basis. Testing Insert Mode The Insert Mode of Vim is like a common text editor mode e.g Notepad. Thus checking for Insert Mode is basically checking if entering all keys on local side propagates them to remote side as well. Lets see what makes an exhaustive set of test case in Insert Mode: Test all the possible printable keys: They should be inserted at the specific cursor position. Test meta keys in conjugation with printable keys like Ctrl-U etc. These are called Special Keys and they have been listed in the Vim documentation: They should insert the character corresponding to them at the cursor position. Test conjugation of meta keys with non-printable keys like Shift-Del: Unfortunately, meta-keys have not been handled till the time of printing of this report and thats the reason for discrepancy between actual and expected result: In a scenario, where the operation only takes place on the Local side and does not propagate on to the remote side, one can use the following command to force sync all the instances of the application: :CoVim sync But, this command induces an extra NewLine character on the remote side which leads to error propagation because of Inconsistency in 2 instances of the shared application. Look at the following example: On the Local side (see left), we just have one string of text, while on the remote side (see right), after execution of the sync command, we have text string plus a newline. Now this newline is not understood by the local side. So if the user types something in the newline space of right instance, it would be appended on the left instance of the application without the newline character in the buffer. See the above figure. Testing Operator-pending Mode The common syntax of commands in Operator-pending mode is as follows: {count1}operator{count2}motion OR {count}operatormotion Where count=count1 x count2 Operator = c, d, y, etc Motion = j, k, l, aw etc Now following cases make exhaustive test cases: Checking whether all operators are implemented or not (Test case 1 and 4) Checking whether commands with count1 and count2 behave as if there was 1 count input equivalent to their product (Test Case 2) Checking which all motions have been correctly accounted for (Test case 3) Assume that the test file contains Testing for Operation-pending Mode Some of the test cases are listed below (Assume commands to be independent of each other): Testing Normal Mode The fact that VIM has a Normal Mode apart from just Insert Mode makes the editor special. Normal mode is basically used for executing various commands on the text like cut, copy, paste etc. Lets test the various commands available in Normal Mode in CoVim. To stress-test various commands, one should pay attention to operators, motion, count and undo commands Now lets see what makes an exhaustive test case for Normal Mode: Command: To test whether all the commands are executing as expected. For e.g, D should delete the entire line. Count: To test whether the command is executed number of times. For e.g, if the user presses d3w, 3 words should be deleted. Also to check what happens if is greater than possible. For eg, in a text with 2 lines, what happens if the user pressed 3D. Motion: To test whether the intended characters are modified or not. For e.g, $ should affect the text content between cursor position and EOL. Change of Mode: To test the commands which exit the Normal Mode after the execution. For e.g., c command ends in Insert Mode. Assume the following text written in the workspace and all commands to be independent of each other: This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands Example 1 This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands On the above text, execute this command: [emailprotected]/* */ qs: Starts recording macro to register s 3rt: Replaces 3 characters by t. This text, would be edited by tttmal Mode commands q: Stores 3rt to register s and stops recording further macro 5l: Moves cursor to right 5 times. This text, would be edited by tttmal Mode commands @s: Executes the macro stored in s i.e. executes 3rt at cursor position. This text, would be edited by tttmal ttte commands Example 2 This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands Testing the Join command On the above text, if the user executes this command: 2J, the 2 lines will be joined as: This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands Testing the Join command So, the NLis replaced by a Spaceand the cursor shifts to beginning of the newly joined line. Example 3 This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands On the above text, execute this command: ma0d`a ma: Sets the mark at the cursor position i.e. N and calls this mark as a. 0: takes the cursor to Home. d: Starts deleting from Home until the next motion `a: The motion till the mark a i.e. till N. Result: Normal Mode commands Case 3: Test operator commands with motion In Section 6.3, the operator commands were tested. Lets test the various motions provided in Vim. Assume the operator command to be used be d. This text, would be edited by Normal Mode commands text Testing Visual and Select Modes More often than not, it is not easy to decide which command will move over the text that the user would want to change. In such a scenario, Visual mode comes in handy. It starts highlighting the text as the user is typing the required command. For example, to delete from halfway one word to halfway another word: This is an examination sample of visual mode - velllld This is an example of visual mode While doing this, the user doesnt really have to count how many to press l to end up in the right position. He can see what text will be deleted (in this case: ination sam) because it would be highlighted on screen. Thus, it is observed that Visual mode is a visual interpretation of the normal mode commands wherein an operator is needed. So, no special test cases are required to test the Visual mode. The operator commands working in Normal mode would work in Visual Mode as well. Select Mode, on the other hand, is the visual representation of the Insert/Replace Mode. The user can select the text using mouse or keyboard and the new key entered would replace the existing text. Again, no special test cases are required for Select Mode. The only difference between replace and Select mode is that a lot of text can be selected and replaced while in replace mode, it is one at a time overwriting of text. Chapter 7: The Last Words Conclusion The project was initiated in order to extend the implementations in the CoVIM so that it can be ready for release. As such, it was to be ensured that CoVIM undergoes a lot of testing from a users point of view. Thus, in this project, the author has been successfully able to integrate the Replace Mode to CoVIM and also has been able to test the current implementations of mappings in other modes. The test results have helped CoVIM come a long way in understanding and adapting to the erratic inputs of the user. Recommendations Nothing in the world is fool-proof and there is always a scope for improvement. A lot has been done till date to prepare CoVIM for its official release. A lot of improvements are still on-going. A detailed study of behaviour of Vim is required to analyse the working of all its different modes. A good understanding of the User manual will be the first step towards further advancement as it lists various exceptions in VIMs behaviour. Following are some key issues that can be taken into consideration to further make CoVIM mimic VIM-like behaviour: Interception of Meta-keys like Shift, Control, Windows, F2, F3 etc Interception of Mouse events to alter the buffer Providing option to Redo the change after Undo. Implementation of Repeat command i.e. . DOT command Providing implementation for Indentation commands i.e. and Handling abbreviations Providing options for Insert Mode completion of text (Ctrl+P) Providing implementations for various motions for Operator-Pending Mode Providing implementations for all key mappings for Select and Visual Modes Implementing Command-line and Ex Modes Bibliography Appendix A Vi vs Vim There have been numerous improvements in Vim over Vi. Given below is the summary of few such improvements: Multi-level undo: Allows you to set the number of times you can undo your changes in a file buffer. You can also redo an undone change. Multiple windows and buffers: Each file can be displayed in its own window. You can move easily from one window to another. Each file opened during a Vim session also has an associated buffer and you can easily jump from one to the other. Repeat a series of commands: Vim has a facility which allows you to record a sequence of typed characters and repeat them any number of times. Flexible insert mode: Vim allows you to use the arrow keys while in insert mode to move around in the file. No more hitting Esc, moving around, then hitting `i or `a. Visual mode: You can highlight sections of text and execute operations on this section of text only. Block operators: Allow selection and highlighting of rectangular blocks of text in order do execute specific operations on them. Online help system: You can easily find help on any aspect of using Vim. Help is displayed in its own window. Command-line editing and history: History allows you to use the arrow keys to repeat or search for a command that has already been typed. Allows you to match the beginning of a command with the beginning of another similar command in the history buffer. You can also edit a command to correct typos or change a few values. Command line completion: Using the Tabkey, you can complete commands, options, filenames, etc. as needed. Horizontal scrolling: Long lines can be scrolled horizontally (with or without the GUI). Text formatting: With two keystrokes, you can format large sections of text, without the use of external programs. Edit-compile-edit speedup: You can compile within Vim and automatically jump to the location of errors in the source code. Improved indenting for C programs: Vim gives you more control over how your C programs appear on screen. Searching for words in include files Vim allows you to search for a match of the word under the cursor in the current and included files. Word completion in Insert mode: Vim can complete words while you are typing, by matching the current word with other similar words in the file. Automatic commands: Commands automatically executed when reading or writing a file, jumping to another buffer, etc. Viminfo: Allows storing of the command line history, marks and registers in a file to be read on startup. Mouse support: The mouse is supported in an xterm and for MS-DOS. It can be used to position the cursor, select the visual area, paste a register, etc. Graphical User Interface (GUI) (Motif and Athena) : You can use the GUI and have access to a menu bar, scrollbar, etc. You can also define your own menus as well as do many operations with the mouse instead of the keyboard. Appendix B Source Codes Replace method for countrcharacter Appendix C Operators and Motions The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete or change text. The following operators are available: c change d delete y yank into register (does not change the text) ~ swap case (only if tildeop is set) g~ swap case gu make lowercase gU make uppercase ! filter through an external program = filter through equalprg or C-indenting if empty gq text formatting g? ROT13 encoding shift right shift left zf define a fold The motions that can be used are: aw a word (with white space) iw inner word aW a WORD (with white space) iW inner WORD as a sentence (with white space) is inner sentence ap a paragraph (with white space) ip inner paragraph ab a () block (with parenthesis) ib inner () block aB a {} block (with braces) iB inner {} block a a block (with ) i inner block a[ a [] block (with []) i[ inner [] block

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